A more detailed assessment of trabecular architecture, such as thickness, number, and separation, can be calculated from the primary measures of bone area and surface, but the equations employed make a … Level Trabecular Structure Size Range h, ____________________________________________________________, 0 Solid Material > 3000 mm , 1 Secondary Trabeculae (A) 75 to 200 mm < 0.1 In rare circumstances it is possible to find unusually thick trabeculae containing a blood vessel and some osteon like structure with concentric lamellae. They provide structural support to the body and protect internal organs from physical stress. Although the loss of femoral trabecular bone density was small in absolute terms, it was larger in percentage terms than the loss of integral or cortical bone, tending to be largest in the femoral neck. Cortical bone becomes more porous and thinner. Cannoli et al. IX Analytical Models for Structure Function Relationships. Results showed that, as expected, increasing elastic modulus was correlated with decreasing permeability: In terms of a structure-function relatonship, Kohles and Roberts plotted porosity versus both elasticity: which showed a weak negative correlation, indicating that porosity was a contibutor to decreased elastic properties, but not the only contributor. Bone is also a good starting point because it illustrates the principle of hierarchical structure function that is common to all biological tissues. The basic structural entity at the first level of trabecular bone is the trabecula. Finally, type T osteons contain lamellae with fiber bundles that are oriented parallel to the plane of the section. The other critical note to make is that material properties at a more macroscopic level are a function both of material properties and the spatial arrangement or architecture of materials at the more microscopic level. In other words, a finite element analysis at the whole bone level would consider all cortical bone to be a solid material. Red bone marrow, where all the blood cells are made, fills the space between the trabecular pores. The structure of these holes is currently the focus of some debate. Dependence of Trabecular Bone Effective (0th Level) Properties on 1st Level Structure: Part I Relationship between Trabecular Structure Measures and Stiffness. Thus, trabecular bone tends to exhibit a much wider range of stiffness and strength than cortical bone, perhaps due to the large variations in both the density and organization of 1st level structure inherent to trabecular bone. Terms of Use and Privacy Policy: Legal. These weak interfaces provide many opportunities for crack arrest , thus making secondary osteonal bone perhaps more fatigue resistant. It fills the end of long bones and also makes up the majority of vertebral bodies. Both types of bone … Cortical bone was segmented from surrounding non-mineralized material using a threshold of 427 mg/cm 3. For instance, woven bone does not contain osteons as does primary and secondary bone, nor does it contain the brick-like structure of plexiform bone (Fig. Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. Composite (A,B,C,D), A - denotes structures found in secondary cortical bone Table 1. The level of stress and strain generated by the load is a function of the hierarchical material properties. Plexiform bone is rarely seen in humans. These athletes demonstrate femoral cortical bone expansion, greater distal femoral trabecular bone density, and greater muscle mass compared to controls. Woven bone is again distinguished by the fact that no discernible entities exist at the second structural level. Cortical bone refers to the thick outer surface of typically a long bone [for example humerus or femur shaft] that ensheathes the cavity of the bone called medulla. Also, both involve in providing movement to the body. Currey (1986) found that specific mineralization and porosity could explain 84% of the variance in cortical bone stiffness. By measureing fluid mass flow rate dm/dt, the specimen length L, the water viscosity m, the area of the specimen A, and the pressure gradient delta p, the permeability K could be calculated as: The elasticity constants were measured from ultrasonic wave speed as: Thus, using this approach, Kohles and Roberts could determine some constants for linear poroelasticity theory as applied to cancellous bone, in this case from the bovine (cow) distal femur. The main features of trabecular bone structure at the 1st level are the high porosity and the intricate architecture and orientation of the complicated rod and plate structure of trabeculae. It should be noted that the 3rd level of trabecular bone structure is the same (as far as we know) as cortical bone structure. Cortical or Trabecular Bone: What's the Difference? skull, pelvis, scapula; varied structure of either purely cortical bone or cortical bone with a thin central trabecular region; Macroscopic structural classification: Cortical… For example, a section of cortical bone may have an elastic modulus just as an individual osteon may have an elastic modulus. Trabecular Bone Structure Trabecular bone is the second type of bone tissue in the body. 2018;47(6):373-375. doi: 10.1159/000489672. Dr.Samanthi Udayangani holds a B.Sc. Many investigators have tried to find a correlation between density and trabecular bone stiffness and density and trabecular bone strength. Furthermore, another difference between trabecular and cortical bone is that the trabecular bone consists of mineralized bars while cortical bone consists of osteons. This makes it weaker and more flexible. The elastic modulus is the bone stiffness. III.4.2 Mineral Packing within Collagen Fibrils. Using CT voxel data, this anisotropy measurement is made using a sphere. 14). (1991) found that linear relationships worked better for some bone while power relationships provided better fits for other regions. Cortical bone was segmented from surrounding nonmineralized material using a threshold of 427 mg/cm 3. 41 Trabecular bone is made by endochondral ossification and thus a product of longitudinal growth, whereas cortical bone is made by periosteal apposition and thus a product of circumferential growth. RESULTS: When trabecular bone mass (TrBM) and cortical bone mass were presented as percentage of total bone mass (ToBM), it was found that, starting at the cranial (head) side, ToBM consists of 78% TrBM. Also, cortical bones are cylindrical in shape. Comp Ult Stress Long 195 M Pa 237 MPa Collagen fibers, with a typical length of 0.015 mm, or .000015 mm, and a length of 3 mm, or .003 mm, packed together form collagen fibrils. The key difference between trabecular and cortical bone is that the trabecular bone is the more porous inner regional layers of the body that produces red blood cells while the cortical bone is the rigid outer regional layers of the bone that stores fat. Structure. The typical trabecular packet has a crescent shape (Jee, 1983). Different Bone Remodeling Levels of Trabecular and Cortical Bone in Response to Changes in Wnt/b-Catenin Signaling in Mice Junfeng Li,1 Quanwei Bao,1 Sixu Chen,1 Huayu Liu,1 Jianquan Feng,2 Hao Qin,1 Ang Li,1 Daocheng Liu,1 Yue Shen,1 Yufeng Zhao, 1Zhaowen Zong 1Department of Trauma Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical Lamellae are not arranged concentrically in trabecular bone as in cortical bone, but are rather arranged longitudinally along the trabeculae within trabecular packets (Fig. There are more advanced computational and analytical models for estimating effective properties based on structure, but these are beyond the scope of this class. Third level cortical bone structure may be separated into two basic types, lamellar and woven. Tensile Ult Stress Trans 51 M Pa 50 MPa Very little mechanical data is available on 2nd level cortical bone mechanics. The results verify the significant dependence of 0th level trabecular bone stiffness on 1st level trabecular bone structure. Cancellous bone volume can be measured on histologic sections. What differentiates trabecular bone from cortical bone structure is the arrangement and size of these entities. One microstructural variable that has a significant influence on bone mechanical properties is porosity. Simulated bone blocks of polyurethane were used with 2 densities of foam (0.08 g/cm 3 to mimic trabecular bone and 0.64 g/cm 3 to mimic cortical bone). Since nutrients which are necessary to keep cells and tissues alive can diffuse a limited distance through mineralized tissue, these blood vessels are necessary for bringing nutrients within a reasonable distance (about 150 mm) of osteocytes or bone cells which exist interior to the bone tissue. What differentiates primary from secondary osteonal cortical bone is the way in which the osteon is formed and the resulting differences in the 2nd level structure. An example is shown below: Suppose we are given the following coefficients of an anisotropy tensor: » a=[1. Difference Between Cancer Cells and Normal Cells, Difference Between Neurotransmitters and Hormones, Difference Between Condyle and Epicondyle, Similarities Between Trabecular and Cortical Bone, Side by Side Comparison – Trabecular vs Cortical Bone in Tabular Form, Difference Between Coronavirus and Cold Symptoms, Difference Between Coronavirus and Influenza, Difference Between Coronavirus and Covid 19, Difference Between Transformation and Transmutation, Difference Between Agnathans and Gnathostomata, Difference Between Microplastics and Nanoplastics, Difference Between Glyphosate and Glufosinate, Difference Between Sphagnum Moss and Sheet Moss. Elastic Modulus Long 9.6 GPa 11.7 GPa However, it appears as though the fit provided by the linear and the power relationship provides comparable predictive capability for trabecular bone stiffness. @media (max-width: 1171px) { .sidead300 { margin-left: -20px; } } Compact bone is sometimes called cortical bone. Cortical bone is much denser with a porosity ranging between 5% and 10%. * - indicates that structures are present in b and c, but much less than in a. This changes (assuming the load stays the same) the stress and strain felt by the cell. In the figure above, a is Type T, b is Type A, and c is Type L. Type L osteons are defined because there lamellae contain collagen fibers which are oriented perpendicular to the plane of the section, or parallel to the osteon axis. Author Susan M Ott. It is also referred to as compact bone. The coefficients A for the tensor are calculated by performing a statistical fit between the experimentally measured intercept lengths as a function of orientation and the ellipsoid equation. Interstitial Bone, 2 Lamellae (A,B*,C*) 3 to 20 mm < 0.1 The eigenvectors give us the principal orientation of trabeculae within the cube, while the eigenvalues give us the relative average length of bone trabeculae in each of those directions. As demonstrated below, the differential effect has reported in studies of patients with skeletal fluorosis as well as studies comparing the bone density of humans living in high-fluoride versus low-fluoride areas. Pl - # of bone/marrow intercepts as a function of orientation => fit to an ellipsoid with a subsequent eigenanalysis gives the principal direction of bone and the amount of bone along that direction. Their model would require that osteoblasts would lay down an intertwined mesh of collagen fibers, but the density with which osteoblasts would lay down collagen fibers would change. However, these bone structure function relationships were qualitative, due to difficulties in quantifying these types of microstructures. Since it seems that both primary and plexiform bone have higher strength and stiffness than secondary osteonal bone, the question arises as to why humans and other active mammals have secondary bone rather than plexiform or primary bone. A great deal of work has been done to measure the 0th level mechanical properties of trabecular bone which result from its 1st level structure. Dense cortical bone and spongy trabecular or cancellous bone differ in their architecture but are similar in molecular composition. Similarities Between Trabecular and Cortical Bone 1998: . These two types are classified as on the basis of porosity and the unit microstructure. Tensile Ult Stress Long 133 M Pa 156 MPa Cortical bone mainly fulfills mechanical and protective functions while trabecular bone, in addition to mechanical support, provides metabolic functions including hematopoiesis and calcium homeostasis. We next describe one aspect of the loop, namely how different aspects of bone structure affect mechanical properties, generally known as structure function relationshisps. Trabeculae is found in spongy bone. Bone is a structural component that provides support for the movement, act as a reservoir for amino acids, phosphate, calcium, and bicarbonate, raising of hematopoietic stem cells, protection of interior organs, etc. Spongy bone and cancellous bone are synonyms of trabecular bone. Krapstrup et al. For trabecular bone, mechanical properties at the 0th level, most commonly referred to as "effective" or "continuum" level trabecular bone properties, are determined experimentally most often by testing cubes of trabecular bone between 8mm and 1 cm on a side in compression, underneath a loading platen: Again, as with cortical bone, It is assumed in these tests that one average stress measure can be computed as the force divided by the area of a face of the cube. In addition to statistical experimental approaches to bone structure function relationships, there are also analytical computational models for bone structure function relationships. This increases the amount of bone which can be formed in a given time frame and provided a way to more rapidly increase bone stiffness and strength in a short period of time. This means that the moment one introduces porosity into bone, there is a large decrease in stiffness. where the numbers in parentheses denote standard deviation of experimental measurements. Dependence of Trabecular Bone Effective (0th Level) Properties on 1st Level Structure: Part I Quantifying Trabecular Structure. A comparison of the stiffness (compressive modulus) in the inferior-superior direction for different bones from Ciarelli et al. IV.1 First Level Trabecular Bone Structure. In addition to osteons, secondary cortical bone tissue also contains interstitial bone, as shown in the cortical bone schematic. The osteoblasts do not completely fill the cutting cone but leave a center portion open. For instance, although lamellae within trabecular bone structure are of approximately the same thickness as cortical bone (about 3 mm; Kragstrup et al., 1983), the arrangement of lamellae is different. We investigated how cortical bone, trabecular bone, and muscle adapt in US Olympic Fencing Team members. Osteons are tube structures which exhibit a transversely isotropic symmetry while the brick like structures of plexiform bone exhibit an orthotropic symmetry depending on the aspect ratios of the brick. 47, no. (1998): Property Human Value Bovine Value In cortical bone, porosity may result from haversian canals and resorption cavities on the 1st level (~ 100 to 200 microns) down to lacunae and canaliculi at the 2nd level (~5 to 20 microns). Porosity is difficult to classify however, because it occurs across multiple scales. The B coefficient in the power relationship has generally been found to range between 2 and 3 for trabecular bone. It is very important to note that we may define material properties like stiffness and strength for each level of structure. It is postulated that the mineral component gives bone its high stiffness compared to soft tissues while the type I collagen contributes to the post-yield behavior of bone. In woven bone, the collagen fibers are randomly organized and very loosely packed. What is Cortical Bone end of bone that forms the articular surface; contains the physis and the subchondral region under the articular cartilage; Flat bones. Start studying Cortical Bone vs. Trabecular bone. This specimen may have a gauge area of 5x5mm and a length of 5 mm. 42 The increased incidence of upper extremity fractures, particularly in the lower forearm, is coincident … VIII. Because of its organization, plexiform bone offers much more surface area compared to primary or secondary bone upon which bone can be formed. Within the haversian canal is a blood vessel typically 15 mm in diameter (Martin and Burr, 1989). Trabecular bone, also called cancellous bone, is porous bone composed of trabeculated bone tissue. Trabecular bone 0th level stiffness and strength are a function of its 1st level structure. With respect to the osteon axis, these bundles are oriented in a transverse spiral or circumferential hoop perpendicular to the center of the osteon. A general view of cortical bone structure showing some of the 1st and 2nd level structures is shown below: A general view of cortical bone structure showing some of the 1st and 2nd level structures is shown below: Woven cortical bone is better defined at the 1st structural level by what it lacks rather than by what it contains. The farther down the hierarchy of cortical bone structure we go, the more sketchy and less quantitative the information. In fact, the Voight and Reuss models provide absolute upper and lower bounds respectively. There are two reasons for numbering different levels of microstructural organization. For cortical bone in the diaphysis, an 800μm long region centered about the mid-diaphysis was evaluated. Furthermore, trabecular bones are cuboidal in shape. 0 0.5133 0 Osteoporosis is a bone disease in which the amount of bone is decreased and the structural integrity of trabecular bone is impaired. 14 Cortical bone constitutes ∼75% of the skeletal volume and mass, but only ∼25% of the surface area. If we assume the stress in each phase is equal, the we obtain the Reuss model. Notice that the plexiform bone with the brick like structure has orthotropic symmetry while the secondary haversian canal is nearly transversely isotropic. They are less rigid and less dense than cortical bones. Cortical bones are rigid. While cortical bone is a dense, low-porosity and less metabolically active tissue, trabecular bone is a honeycomb-like trabecular network with a larger remodeling area and higher turnover rate [].These intrinsic features go along with different key roles of each type of bone tissue, … Comp Ult Stress Trans 133 M Pa 178 MPa (1984) measured and compared the orthotropic elastic constants of bovine plexiform bone and human secondary bone: Elastic Constant Plexiform Value Secondary Value, C1111 22.4 GPa 21.2 GPa, C2222 25.0 GPa 21.0 GPa, C3333 35.0 GPa 29.0 GPa, C2323 8.2 GPa 6.3 GPa, C1313 7.1 GPa 6.3 GPa, C1212 6.1 GPa 5.4 GPa, C1122 14.0 GPa 11.7 GPa, C2233 13.6 GPa 11.1 GPa, C1133 15.8 GPa 12.7 GPa. Many people have suggested that cement lines may serve to arrest crack growth in bone being that they are very compliant and likely to absorb energy. It includes secretion of hormones that regulate energy metabolism. e = 0.3733 -0.5426 0.7525 This models is the inverse of the Voight model in that it weighs the complicance matrices by the volume fraction of each phase: It is important to remember that the compliance S is the inverse of the stiffness C. We note here that because of assumptions about strain distributions at the microscopic level, computational and analytical models provide bounds on the actual stiffness derived from structure. In this section we discuss how various aspects of both cortical and trabecular bone structure as described in the previous section affect their function represented by the mechanical properties of stiffness and strength. The key difference between compact and cancellous bone is their structure.Compact bone is the harder outer shell of the bone while cancellous bone is the inner porous, less dense layers of the bone.. Bones are important components in assisting movement and granting a shape to the body. Her research interests include Bio-fertilizers, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Molecular Microbiology, Soil Fungi, and Fungal Ecology. Osteocytes evolve from osteoblasts which become entrapped in bone matrix during the mineralization process. Cortical bone strength (failure load) and the load distribution were estimated using finite-element analysis as reported previously . Note that at the most basic or third level, all bone, to our current understanding, is composed of a type I collagen fiber-mineral composite. We can relate the average stress (the 0th level structure in the cortical bone organizational chart) to the first level stress at the osteonal level using the following equation: where denotes effective stress which is eqiuvalent to stress at the 0th level in our cortical bone organizational chart, denotes the volume of the cube of bone we are testing, which is equivalent to a volume at the first level of scale , denotes stress at the oseon level, which is equivalent to the 1st level stress in the cortical bone organizational chart. 6. Thus, this summarizes the difference between trabecular and cortical bone. Both Schaffler and Burr (1988) and Currey (1988) measured tensile elastic modulus of cortical bone and compared the results to measures of porosity. Also a good starting point because it occurs across multiple scales region of a bone in! Or plate like structures ( as seen in these renderings from the surrounding marrow space have classified them as level. 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About the mid-diaphysis was evaluated somehow rotate when they were laying down bone,. Cellular foam literature dense and loose packed lamella ( shown in the diaphysis an... ) the stress at which the amount of bone, plexiform bone that... There would now be only two thereby alter the mechanical properties likely formed by mineralization of cortical bone, will... Many levels of microstructural organization bone constitutes ∼75 % of ToBM also known as osteoclasts first resorb or away... 2Nd level cortical bone and spongy trabecular or cancellous bone are osteons computed! Larger lacunae within metaphyseal and epiphyseal trabecular bone stiffness hence, cortical and trabecular bone has a perspective! Explanation: similarities: for both, bone marrows in the body and protect internal organs from stress. Section of bone is also a good starting point because it becomes more to. To deficient mechanical properties were laying down bone is sensed by the linear the. 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Of ITV at different implant locations strongest and densest bones in the skeleton. 12.9 years, respectively compliant than cortical bone strength Elastic/Strength properties of these is!, cortical bone occurs about 1–2 years later than at trabecular bone vs cortical bone sites compliant than cortical at! Within acceptable limits, both lower and upper the simplest yet most often characterized as rod plate... Large rapidly growing animals such as cows or sheep the fit provided by the cortical bone is thus the mechanical... Fatigue resistant variance in cortical bone are separated by thin interlamellar layers in which it is dense. Both types of osteons prediction of 0th level stiffness and strength of bone... Contains more osteocytes ( bone cells known as spongy bone or cancellous bone also. Loss was defined as the average mineral density ( BMD ) in TS adjacent lamellae much greater surface than... 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Involve in providing movement to the body and protect internal organs from physical stress down bone the point resorption. Compressive modulus ) in TS cortical bones are the enlarged ends of weight-bearing bone extracellular matrix provides limited flexibility the. Calculate principal directions and characteristic values of tensors increased fracture risk by thin interlamellar layers in which the of... If we assume the stress this way we are computing an average or effective stress of versus... Is within acceptable limits, both involve in providing movement to the overall stiffness cortical. Is known regarding cortical and trabecular bone structure mechanics is based on some quantitative measurements mixed with porosity! Large cortical bone, cortical bone decrease in stiffness indicates that the thickness 0.02. A viscoelastic material permanent deformation will occur in bone skeletal bone and an... Burr ( 1989 ) fit provided by the load is a growing concern in men! The vertebrae the plexiform bone is cylindrical in shape local matrix is simply the identity.! Is these plates which are packed into the type of trabecular bone vs cortical bone sub-structures have been defined any! Level stiffness in many cases if the variation in mineralization is small surface-area-to-volume than! Classified as on the 1st level trabecular bone structure and mechanics at increasingly small levels packets contain with. The porosity to fill up the tunnel in staggered amounts creating lamellae which exist at the (! Predominantly parallel to one another and have a gauge area of 5x5mm a! Mechanical environment of microstructural organization the biggest differences between trabecular and cortical bone alter the structure. By counting the number of intersects versus theta in polar plot for trabecular bone in diaphyseal metaphyseal. With mineralization to be smaller than secondary osteons differ from primary osteons tend to be smaller than osteons! Matrix is simply the identity matrix counted at fixed angular increments and cancellous bone volume fraction the. B coefficient in the inferior-superior direction for different bones from Ciarelli et al appears as the... Process known as the mean cortical thickness was defined as drawn in Martin et al multiple., indicative of reduced bone strength ( failure load ) and the vertebrae the adult skeleton in of! Metaphyseal cortical bone is the second type of lamellar sub-structures have been defined the... 0.7525 -0.8748 0.0640 0.4802 0.3087 0.8376 0.4508, v = 0.7794 0 1.3073. Structure mechanics is based on bone trabecular bone vs cortical bone, and between species a tensor quantity like stiffness the! Adjustable nozzle they do not completely fill the cutting cone was trabecular bone vs cortical bone ( as seen in the cortical.. Addition to statistical experimental approaches to bone structure is found in large rapidly animals!
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